How do you know how much gun is enough?

Many friends and colleagues in the business are primarily gun writers, while others are primarily hunting writers. I am a bit of both: I love sporting firearms, and I’m an avid hunter. So a favorite campfire argument (and writing topic) concerns the suitability—“adequacy,” if you will—of various cartridges for specific field applications.

An old African adage is to “use enough gun.” Although not directly attributable to Robert Ruark, it made a great title for a posthumous collection, published in 1965. I tend to follow that advice, and if I err it’s usually on the side of caution. So, regardless of the cartridges or game discussed, any article on the subject is probably going to draw comment. Invariably, at least one will start with: “Karamoja Bell shot over a thousand elephants with his 7×57…” I don’t know where this story got started, but for sure it is perpetuated by folks who haven’t taken time to actually read W.D.M. Bell’s works.

Just the other day, once again, I saw in another publication a reference to Bell’s “1,011 elephants” with the 7×57. For me this is like fingernails on a blackboard, because it just isn’t true. Bell left us excellent books on his exploits, still great reading today, and he identifies the rifles he used often enough that reality is clear. Bell was a smallbore guy, and the .275 Rigby (a.k.a. 7×57) was a favorite…but he used a lot of other rifles. His largest one-day bag was taken with the .318 Westley Richards, a .33-caliber firing a 250-grain bullet. Because ammo was so available, he used the .303 British a great deal, 215-grain .311-inch bullet. After World War I he returned to Africa just once, and his battery included a .400 Jeffery double and a .416 Rigby bolt action.

Today Bell’s preferences for elephants no longer matter. He was a great marksman and athlete, hunting in an altogether different time, and history has spoken: Most of his choices are illegal today, below the statutory minimum. But this isn’t about Walter Bell, or even about using “enough gun.” Rather, how can you know how much is enough?

The .30-06-based .370 Sako, a 9.3mm cartridge, shown with 286-grain Barnes expanding and solid bullets…the left-hand bullet was recovered from a buffalo; the right-hand bullet was recovered from an elephant. Both were “enough gun.”

This is actually difficult. In any hunting situation there are broad parameters of “adequacy,” with a wide selection of suitable calibers and cartridges. In Oregon last year my friend Tim Lesser shot a black-tailed deer with his pet .375 Ackley Improved. We can probably say that he was overgunned, but he certainly got the job done…so too much gun seems a lesser sin than not enough, which can result in wounded game. Today it’s common for .22 centerfires to be legal for deer. I don’t think they’re perfect, but with today’s heavy bullets designed for deer hunting they are adequate. Based on experience in Africa on small antelopes such as steenbok I’m totally convinced that, regardless of velocity, the .17s are not adequate for deer. Their light, frangible bullets, intended for varmints, just don’t have the penetration. Cartridges below .22 centerfire generally remain illegal for deer, and I think this is a good thing.

Let’s look at some larger animals. As large and potentially dangerous beasts, African buffalo tend to fall under the same legal minimums as elephants, in most countries either 9.3mm (.366) or .375. I’m sure these are enough, but since I believe in adhering to game laws I have little personal experience with lesser calibers on African buffalo, a couple with .33s and that’s about it. Ruark wrote that he had taken buffalo easily with his .30-06, and I saw a buffalo taken very cleanly with a single 156-grain solid from a 6.5x53R (not all countries have minimums), and of course many buffalo were taken with such light calibers in the old days.

The Asian water buffalo is bigger than the Cape buffalo, but few jurisdictions have legal minimums. Australian market hunters tended to use .303s and, later, .308s. I do have some experience here. In the Philippines we used an M14 with 7.62mm military ammo—which is all we had available. In Argentina I’ve taken water buffalo with the 7×57 (with 175-grain solid); and also the .300 RUM (with 200-grain Swift A-Frame) and .350 Remington Magnum (with 225-grain Barnes X). There were no problems, and for sure bullet selection makes a huge difference. However, in all cases this was pushing the envelope, not “erring on the side of caution.” Obviously there was enough gun to kill the animal, because that’s what happened…but was there enough gun to stay out of trouble if things didn’t go quite right? I think not.

Big bears are much the same, except that no North American jurisdictions I’m aware of set different minimums for grizzly, brown, and polar bear than for other native big game. I’ve always figured the .33s and .375s were about right, and certainly have been in my experience. Especially with grizzly, which is more often a target of opportunity than the others, hunters often use what they have. Jack O’Connor took a number of mountain grizzlies with his beloved .270…but when he went for Alaskan brown bear he used a .375. After taking a sheep in southern Yukon I tried hard to get a big grizzly we’d seen, and the only rifle I had was a .270 WSM. I didn’t get a shot, but I probably could have made it work.

On the other hand, the only problem I’ve ever had with a big bear was with a .300 Winchester Magnum and a good 180-grain bullet. Bullet performance is critical, but shot placement is everything, so isolated bad experiences are not definitive. However, as recounted in my recent Deadly Encounters book, veteran B.C. guide Cy Ford was killed by a grizzly his hunter had wounded with a 7mm Remington Magnum. The bear also died…but not soon enough. Traditionally, Inuit hunters loved the .222 Remington, a fact that is cited almost as much as the W.D.M. Bell myth…but, over the years, a lot of Inuit hunters went out on the ice and never returned. So I’m not going to waver on this. Soon I’m going to B.C. to hunt a grizzly, and I’m taking a .338 Winchester Magnum, a sound and sensible choice.

Potentially dangerous animals alter the rules, so let’s talk about some large non-dangerous beasts. The eland is Africa’s largest antelope and the world’s largest non-dangerous animal; a big bull outweighs any buffalo. I doubt anybody has shot “a lot” of them, but I’ve taken over a dozen. I have mostly used .375s; in my view they really are perfect as a combination of ranging ability and power for such a large animal.

In 2016 Boddington used a .300 Winchester Magnum with 200-grain Hornady ELD-X to take this Cape eland, Africa’s largest antelope. Over the years he’s taken most of his eland with .375s, which work perfectly—but he’s not convinced that much gun is essential.

Is that level of power really needed? I don’t know. Just a couple weeks ago, hunting with Frontier Safaris in South Africa’s Eastern Cape, I shot a nice Cape eland bull with a .300 Winchester Magnum and a Hornady 200-grain ELD-X bullet. We never found a drop of blood, but we found the eland down within a hundred yards. I’m reminded that Donna shot a big eland bull with a .30-06 and Federal 180-grain Trophy Tip; and daughter Brittany shot one with her 7mm-08 with 140-grain Nosler Partition. No problems with either, so while a .375 gives me great confidence on eland, maybe it isn’t really essential.

The biggest bull moose are a bit lighter than eland, but still very large animals. Because they’re a food staple in the North many hunters have taken more moose than I have, and most are probably shot with whatever general-purpose hunting rifle is available. My experience is that moose are not especially hardy but, more importantly, they are long-legged, but slab-sided, so do not require as much bullet penetration as elands or buffaloes. Most of mine have been taken with .33s and .35s (which work decisively), but I’ve seen moose taken quite cleanly with .270s and I’ve used .30-calibers with no problems.

Often it seems that moose react slowly upon receiving a bullet, standing or walking away, and then lying down. I shot a big Alaskan moose at close range with a .416 Remington Magnum…he didn’t go anywhere, but didn’t seem unduly impressed by all that power. The most dramatic effect I’ve ever seen was a Canadian bull my Dad shot in the heart with his .308 Winchester: Straight down and dead in its tracks. This would lead one to believe that the .308 Winchester is the best moose gun ever invented. Maybe, but no animal reacts the same upon receiving a bullet…and the other two great variables are shot placement and bullet performance. So it’s always dangerous to fixate on isolated incidents, whether good or bad, and better to make your choices based on a consensus of experience. There’s always a broad range of perfectly suitable choices, but experience-based knowledge is out there and available.

Moose often react slowly upon receiving a bullet; this bull was not especially impressed by all that power. Although the moose is a big animal, Boddington is convinced that larger cartridges aren’t necessary.

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In search of the world’s most exotic wild turkeys.

The wild turkey is probably the second-most popular game in the United States, following deer. I tend to think of all turkeys as “big-game birds.” We call them, not much different from rattling in a buck or bugling in an elk; and we pattern them, and sometimes stalk them. Usually we take them on the ground, so we deliberately aim at them, focusing on shot placement (head and neck), which is different from all other bird hunting.

Part of the popularity is the spring season, the most exciting time to hunt gobblers and a time when most seasons are closed. Part, too, is the availability. In my lifetime turkeys have increased from remnants into millions, now returned to all former range, and found in many areas that never had them. As with deer, most turkey hunters hunt close to home, but there is a growing group of traveling turkey fanatics who set goals to hunt different varieties in different areas.

There are four distinct subspecies of turkeys in the United States, with distinct plumage. In the days when turkeys were scarce, game managers weren’t always careful about which turkeys were introduced where—California, for example, had no turkeys but now has three varieties (and a lot of hybrids). The Eastern wild turkey is the probably the most widespread, native to the eastern half of the country. Merriam’s turkey is the bird of the Rockies, now spilling over on both sides. When turkeys were nearly gone Rio Grande turkeys remained primarily in Texas, but now are widespread from the Gulf Coast up through much of the Great Plains.

Within the U.S. the rare bird is the Osceola gobbler, found only from central Florida southward. For Florida hunters this is their bird, but for turkey hunters elsewhere getting an Osceola gobbler can be tough. I concede that I’m not a very good turkey hunter: The Osceola gobbler gave me fits! It’s a tropical bird with an early mating season. I found them much less vocal than the others, and thus the very Devil to hunt. Of course, the Osceola isn’t “my bird,” so I had to travel across the continent to hunt them. This made failures extra-painful.

The Osceola turkey of Florida proved Boddington’s most difficult. The climate is very tropical, and he found these birds to be less vocal than other varieties. For him it’s a long trip to Florida to hunt them and he had multiple failures before being successful.

Hunting your own backyard birds is one thing, but most of us have only type of turkey within easy striking distance. Hunting somebody else’s turkeys, the “other” turkeys, usually takes planning, effort, and travel.

For quite some time many hunters have focused on taking one each of all four U.S. turkeys—but in fact there are two more native North American turkeys. The colorful ocellated turkey, quite different from all the rest, is found in southernmost Mexico and on into Central America. The tall, rangy Gould’s turkey is concentrated in Mexico’s Sierra Madre Mountains, now with a small population established on the U.S. side. Recognizing there is a growing group of avid, adventurous, and traveling turkey hunters, the National Wild Turkey Federation (NWTF) has compiled listings of fully six different “turkey slams.” Their Grand Slam is one each of the four U.S. turkeys. The Royal Slam adds a Gould’s turkey. The Canadian Slam is Merriam’s and Eastern in southern Canada only, and the Mexican Slam, similarly, is Rio Grande, Gould’s, and ocellated taken in Mexico only. Then there’s the World Slam, one each of all races of wild turkeys.

You can check out these listings by going to www.nwtf.org/hunt/records/slams, where links will lead you to their listings of registered slams. I was shocked to learn that more than three hundred hunters have registered World Slams with NWTF. Quite a few of these avid turkey hunters have registered multiple World Slams—the highest number I saw was eight, credited to bowhunter Michael Jefferson. Oh, one more slam: The U.S. Super Slam requires taking one turkey in every U.S. state except Alaska (our only state that has no turkeys). Six hunters are known to have accomplished this amazing feat!

This last lies far beyond my wildest aspirations and, honestly, sounds like work. But at least one each of all six is a worthy goal that will take you to some interesting places—even if, like me, you’re not a particularly avid turkey hunter. In the course of a long hunting career the four U.S. birds sort of came along although, having been beaten pretty badly twice, I admit the Osceola turkey became a mission. The two Mexican birds, however, require specific expeditions for almost everyone.

The ocellated turkey is hunted primarily in Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula, with some opportunity in adjacent Guatemala and Belize. The ocellated turkey is smaller and brightly colored, so different that it was once thought a separate genus, now considered a separate species of the turkey’s Meleagris genus. This is jungle hunting, hot and thick. These birds don’t exactly gobble; down there they call it singing, primarily done on the roost in mornings and evenings. Although occasionally taken by ambush or stalking, the primary hunting technique is to roost birds by sound in the evening, then stalk just at first light. Interestingly, this is exactly the way the big capercaillie grouse is hunted in Europe!

They are not easy; in four hunts in Mexico’s Yucatan I’ve shot exactly one! However, hunting ocellated turkeys in good country isn’t as unsuccessful as that sounds. Most of the time I was also hunting other jungle game such as brocket deer, devoting only part of the time to turkey hunting. My own interests aside, the turkey hunting market is avid and active; down there the ocellated turkey is the outfitters’ big draw. Success is not assured, but the local guides know how and where to look for turkeys; most hunters who really concentrate on the ocellated turkey will be successful.

While all the other races are subspecies the ocellated turkey of the Yucatan Peninsula is a unique species, smaller and more brightly colored. Hunting this turkey in its jungle habitat is a real adventure.

Until the spring of 2017 the one turkey I’d never hunted was the Gould’s turkey. Gould’s isn’t the heaviest, probably because of diet…but they are definitely the tallest, big birds with large heads and a huge tail fan. Some permits are now available in Arizona, but the Gould’s turkey is readily hunted in Sonora’s Sierra Madres.

In years gone by I’ve done a number of Coues deer hunts in Gould’s turkey range. I saw turkeys only once or twice, so I had the impression that hunting them might be extremely difficult, sort of a post-graduate turkey hunt. In the right place definitely not! I hunted with the Mossberg folks with Tall Tine Outfitters, not much more than an hour south of Nogales on Mababi Ranch. This was a very special place, where wildlife had clearly been looked after. It wasn’t just a great hunt for Gould’s turkeys…it was one of my very best turkey hunts! The only times I’ve ever seen more turkeys were Rio Grande turkeys on carefully-managed Texas ranches.

I had no idea what to anticipate, but I suppose I was expecting non-vocal birds, not like ocellated turkeys, but more like Osceola turkeys. Not so! These Gould’s turkeys acted like plain old wild turkeys caught at the peak of their springtime ritual. They gobbled, they strutted, they came to calls…and there were lots of them!

We had a full five days to hunt, but by the end of the third day four of us had seven nice gobblers between us, astonishing. Mossberg’s Linda Powell was the only holdout, and she opted to not take a second bird—her gobbler completed her fourth world slam! This is another feat beyond my wildest aspirations, but I’m glad that I now have at least passing experience with all six of our big-game birds. Who knows, maybe someday I’ll become a real turkey hunter!

This Gould’s turkey is about to give a decoy a drubbing. Although mature this gobbler had a scraggly beard so the hunters didn’t shoot him…but they eventually had to chase him away to keep him from ruining the decoy!

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